Alternatives to C-Style Arrays

While C-style arrays have their uses, they come with several pitfalls and limitations. Modern C++ offers some powerful alternatives:

std::array

The primary use for std::array is for fixed-size arrays. They have the following properties:

• Keeps size information and provides bounds-checked access with .at().
• Supports iterators and STL algorithms.
• Size must be known at compile time.

1#include <array>
2
3std::array<int, 3> arr = {1, 2, 3};

std::vector 

When we need an array whose size needs to change at run time, std::vector is the typical choice. They have the following properties:

• Dynamically resizable.
• Also supports bounds-checked access, iterators, and STL algorithms.
• Size can be changed at runtime.

1#include <vector>
2
3std::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3};
4vec.push_back(4);

std::string (for strings)

When we have a text string (a collection of characters), the standard library’s std::string type is ideally suited.

• Specifically designed for string handling.
• Supports various string operations and manipulations.

1#include <string>
2
3std::string str = "Hello";

std::span (for array views, since C++20)

When we want a general view of an array that does not own the underlying collection, we can use a std::span. They have the following properties:

• Provides a view into a contiguous sequence of objects.
• Can be used to pass arrays (or parts of arrays) to functions without decay.
• Non-owning view, does not manage the lifetime of the underlying data.

1#include <span>
2
3void func(std::span<int> sp) {
4// Work with sp
5}
6
7int main() {
8    int arr[] = {1, 2, 3};
9    func(arr);
10}

These alternatives provide safer, more flexible, and more expressive ways to work with collections of objects in C++. They integrate well with the rest of the Standard Library and support modern C++ idioms.

However, C-style arrays still have their place, particularly when interacting with C code or in low-level programming. Understanding both C-style arrays and their modern alternatives is important for writing effective C++ code.